Why is it essential to complete a case study of Apple when studying Globalisation?

Case Study

 

Research Apple’s walled garden: search products/services available.  A closed platform, walled garden or closed ecosystem is a software system where the carrier or service provider has control over applications, content, and media, and restricts convenient access to non-approved applications or content. This is in contrast to an open platform, where consumers have unrestricted access to applications, content, and much more. Apple iOS and other devices, which are restricted to running pre-approved applications from a digital distribution service.

 

 

 

 

Research non-Disney animation companies

There are many diffrent animation studios such as 'A Squared Entertainment' and 'Pixar' American companies and 'Pierrot' a Japnese company.

 

Global Warming

 

O-Ren Ishii

 

 

How does anime challenge typical Disney?

 

Disney

Philosphy

Kant's Moral Philosophy

• Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) argued that moral requirements are based on a standard of rationality he dubbed the “Categorical Imperative” (CI). Immorality thus involves a violation of the CI and is thereby irrational. Other philosophers, such as Locke and Hobbes, had also argued that moral requirements are based on standards of rationality. However, these standards were either desire-based instrumental principles of rationality or based on sui generis rational intuitions. Kant agreed with many of his predecessors that an analysis of practical reason will reveal only the requirement that rational agents must conform to instrumental principles.

Kantian Ethics

• Kant, unlike Mill, believed that certain types of actions (including murder, theft, and lying) were absolutely prohibited, even in cases where the action would bring about more happiness than the alternative. For Kantians, there are two questions that we must ask ourselves whenever we decide to act: (i) Can I rationally will that everyone act as I propose to act? If the answer is no, then we must not perform the action. (ii) Does my action respect the goals of human beings rather than merely using them for my own purposes? Again, if the answer is no, then we must not perform the action. (Kant believed that these questions were equivalent).

• Kant’s theory is an example of a deontological moral theory–according to these theories, the rightness or wrongness of actions does not depend on their consequences but on whether they fulfill our duty.
• Kant believed that there was a supreme principle of morality, and he referred to it as The Categorical Imperative. The CI determines what our moral duties are.

•  Morality and imperatives: What does it mean for one's duty to be determined by the categorical imperative?

• What is an imperative? An imperative is a command. So, "Pay your taxes!" is an imperative, as are "Stop kicking me!" and "Don't kill animals!"

• Hypothetical Imperatives: these imperatives command conditionally on your having a relevant desire. E.g. “If you want to go to medical school, study biology in college.” If you don’t want to go to medical school, this command doesn’t apply to you. Another example, your father says, "if you are hungry, then go eat something!" - if you aren't hungry, then you are free to ignore the command."

• Categorical Imperatives: These command unconditionally. E.g. “Don’t cheat on your taxes.” Even if you want to cheat and doing so would serve your interests, you may not cheat.

• What is the connection between morality and categorical imperatives? Morality must be based on the categorical imperative because morality is such that you are commanded by it, and is such that you cannot opt out of it or claim that it does not apply to you.

The History of Utilitainism

• Utilitarianism is one of the most powerful and persuasive approaches to normative ethics in the history of philosophy. Though not fully articulated until the 19^th century, proto-utilitarian positions can be discerned throughout the history of ethical theory.

• Though there are many varieties of the view discussed, utilitarianism is generally held to be the view that the morally right action is the action that produces the most good. There are many ways to spell out this general claim. One thing to note is that the theory is a form of consequentialism: the right action is understood entirely in terms of consequences produced. What distinguishes utilitarianism from egoism has to do with the scope of the relevant consequences. On the utilitarian view one ought to maximize the overall good — that is, consider the good of others as well as one's own good.

 

the

 

Theories

Postmodernism - The world is becoming more fragmented....more choices as we are bombarded with images in the media from other cultures and countries.

Advancing technology has allowed media to expand to a global scale e.g. Internet, satellite TV, international news, TNCs.

Global business- merging markets have led to a global economy

Global transport- improved transport links have enabled the world to     

                     move at a faster pace

 

Theory: Marxists vs. Pluralists

•          MARXISM- Capitalist owners control cultural images that influence the public. Ruling class can promote their norms and values.

•          PLURALISM- Argues against Marxism and claims the                     

                     audience are in control of media- due to increased   

                      interactivity and attention to ratings.

Audience Produced Films

Audience produced films are films that are parody's or interpretations of professional media that is produced by the audience.

'A fan film is a film or video inspired by a film, television program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in quality, as well as in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to full-length motion pictures.
According to media scholar, Henry Jenkins, fan films discussed represent a potentially important third space between the two. Shaped by the intersection between contemporary trends toward media convergence and participatory culture, these fan films are hybrid by nature—neither fully commercial nor fully alternative. They are an example of fan labor.'

The earliest known fan film is Anderson 'Our Gang, which was produced in 1926 by a pair of itinerant filmmakers. Shot in Anderson, South Carolina, the short is based on the Our Gang film series; the only known copy resides in the University of South Carolina's Newsfilm Library. Various amateur filmmakers created their own fan films throughout the ensuing decades, including a teenaged Hugh Hefner, but the technology required to make fan films was a limiting factor until relatively recently. In the 1960s UCLA film student Don Glut filmed a series of short black and white "underground films", based on adventure and comic book characters from 1940s and 1950s motion picture serials. Around the same time, artist Andy Warhol produced a film called Batman Dracula which could be described as a fan film. But it wasn't until the 1970s that the popularization of science fiction conventions allowed fans to show their films to the wider fan community.






How how has the Internet changed audience produced films and fan films?

Internet has changed audience produced films and fan films because it has helped braden its audince via the internet.

What types of films are shown on user generated sites?



What is audience produced and what is industry produced?

How can you tell? What are the diffrences?

Look for remixed trailers. How are audiences 'remixing' film trailers? Why might they do this?

Anime remixes

How popular are they?

current film release

Views - 27,082,148

Likes - 72,550            
Dislikes - 11,434