Philosphy

Kant's Moral Philosophy

• Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) argued that moral requirements are based on a standard of rationality he dubbed the “Categorical Imperative” (CI). Immorality thus involves a violation of the CI and is thereby irrational. Other philosophers, such as Locke and Hobbes, had also argued that moral requirements are based on standards of rationality. However, these standards were either desire-based instrumental principles of rationality or based on sui generis rational intuitions. Kant agreed with many of his predecessors that an analysis of practical reason will reveal only the requirement that rational agents must conform to instrumental principles.

Kantian Ethics

• Kant, unlike Mill, believed that certain types of actions (including murder, theft, and lying) were absolutely prohibited, even in cases where the action would bring about more happiness than the alternative. For Kantians, there are two questions that we must ask ourselves whenever we decide to act: (i) Can I rationally will that everyone act as I propose to act? If the answer is no, then we must not perform the action. (ii) Does my action respect the goals of human beings rather than merely using them for my own purposes? Again, if the answer is no, then we must not perform the action. (Kant believed that these questions were equivalent).

• Kant’s theory is an example of a deontological moral theory–according to these theories, the rightness or wrongness of actions does not depend on their consequences but on whether they fulfill our duty.
• Kant believed that there was a supreme principle of morality, and he referred to it as The Categorical Imperative. The CI determines what our moral duties are.

•  Morality and imperatives: What does it mean for one's duty to be determined by the categorical imperative?

• What is an imperative? An imperative is a command. So, "Pay your taxes!" is an imperative, as are "Stop kicking me!" and "Don't kill animals!"

• Hypothetical Imperatives: these imperatives command conditionally on your having a relevant desire. E.g. “If you want to go to medical school, study biology in college.” If you don’t want to go to medical school, this command doesn’t apply to you. Another example, your father says, "if you are hungry, then go eat something!" - if you aren't hungry, then you are free to ignore the command."

• Categorical Imperatives: These command unconditionally. E.g. “Don’t cheat on your taxes.” Even if you want to cheat and doing so would serve your interests, you may not cheat.

• What is the connection between morality and categorical imperatives? Morality must be based on the categorical imperative because morality is such that you are commanded by it, and is such that you cannot opt out of it or claim that it does not apply to you.

The History of Utilitainism

• Utilitarianism is one of the most powerful and persuasive approaches to normative ethics in the history of philosophy. Though not fully articulated until the 19^th century, proto-utilitarian positions can be discerned throughout the history of ethical theory.

• Though there are many varieties of the view discussed, utilitarianism is generally held to be the view that the morally right action is the action that produces the most good. There are many ways to spell out this general claim. One thing to note is that the theory is a form of consequentialism: the right action is understood entirely in terms of consequences produced. What distinguishes utilitarianism from egoism has to do with the scope of the relevant consequences. On the utilitarian view one ought to maximize the overall good — that is, consider the good of others as well as one's own good.

 

the

 

Theories

Postmodernism - The world is becoming more fragmented....more choices as we are bombarded with images in the media from other cultures and countries.

Advancing technology has allowed media to expand to a global scale e.g. Internet, satellite TV, international news, TNCs.

Global business- merging markets have led to a global economy

Global transport- improved transport links have enabled the world to     

                     move at a faster pace

 

Theory: Marxists vs. Pluralists

•          MARXISM- Capitalist owners control cultural images that influence the public. Ruling class can promote their norms and values.

•          PLURALISM- Argues against Marxism and claims the                     

                     audience are in control of media- due to increased   

                      interactivity and attention to ratings.

Audience Produced Films

Audience produced films are films that are parody's or interpretations of professional media that is produced by the audience.

'A fan film is a film or video inspired by a film, television program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in quality, as well as in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to full-length motion pictures.
According to media scholar, Henry Jenkins, fan films discussed represent a potentially important third space between the two. Shaped by the intersection between contemporary trends toward media convergence and participatory culture, these fan films are hybrid by nature—neither fully commercial nor fully alternative. They are an example of fan labor.'

The earliest known fan film is Anderson 'Our Gang, which was produced in 1926 by a pair of itinerant filmmakers. Shot in Anderson, South Carolina, the short is based on the Our Gang film series; the only known copy resides in the University of South Carolina's Newsfilm Library. Various amateur filmmakers created their own fan films throughout the ensuing decades, including a teenaged Hugh Hefner, but the technology required to make fan films was a limiting factor until relatively recently. In the 1960s UCLA film student Don Glut filmed a series of short black and white "underground films", based on adventure and comic book characters from 1940s and 1950s motion picture serials. Around the same time, artist Andy Warhol produced a film called Batman Dracula which could be described as a fan film. But it wasn't until the 1970s that the popularization of science fiction conventions allowed fans to show their films to the wider fan community.






How how has the Internet changed audience produced films and fan films?

Internet has changed audience produced films and fan films because it has helped braden its audince via the internet.

What types of films are shown on user generated sites?



What is audience produced and what is industry produced?

How can you tell? What are the diffrences?

Look for remixed trailers. How are audiences 'remixing' film trailers? Why might they do this?

Anime remixes

How popular are they?

current film release

Views - 27,082,148

Likes - 72,550            
Dislikes - 11,434

 

The Global Village

• In what ways do you think globalisation of media might be responsable for imposing Western or American values and lifestyle countries across the world?

• What effects d you think this might have on local culture and identity?

Popular Culture

 

• Mass culture, low culture or folk culture.
• Mass-produced, commercialised prducts, short-lived and have no artistic value.
• Popular culture is everyday culture aimed at everybody: simple, undemanding, easy-to-understand, entertaining.
• Red top tabloid newsapers; TV films; TV drama; pop music; thrillers and cheap paperback books.
• Popular culture products demand little critical thought analysis or dscussion and do not challenge domiant cultural ideals.
•  

High Culture

 

• The oposite of popular culture.
• someting special to be treated differently and revered.
• Something art of a country heritage which is worth preserving.
• Mainly aimed at middle and upper class people.
• High quality news programmes, documentaries, classical music, jazz, literature by selected autos ad great works of art.
 
Mass Culture Theory
 
New media has led to merge of popular ad high culture.
New media make high culture to be trasprted to people so there is no need to access ccert halls, art galeries or theatres.
High culture products are increasingly being tured into poular culture products and sold e.g. Va Gogs paitings on aprons, mugs, laying cards etc.
 

Pluralist & Postmodern Views on Mass Culture Theory
 
• Tomlinson (1999); Reception Theory
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Theories, texts and industry knowledge

Definitions

 

Primary - Employment involving extracting natural resouces from the earth. Such as Fisherman, Miner and Farmer.

Secondary - Employment that involves manufacturing raw materials into something else. Such as making cotten into a shirt, carpenters and builders.

Tertiary - Employment that involves the worker providing a service. Such as hotel chamber maid, doctor and train driver.

Quatenary - employment that involves using high technology and innovation. Such as geneticist, software design and grpahic designer.

 

 

Clarke Fisher model for employment?

 

Pre-industrial Stage –the LDC’s have high amounts of primary industries due to the fact that there is a lack of education and they are mainly subsistence farmers. There are very few jobs in the tertiary and manufacturing sectors, due to lack of money to set up these factories or build them.

Industrial Stage – As time passes, manufacturing increases, New factories spring up in many locations. So the secondary sector grows in importance. The tertiary sector also grows  (but not as fast) The primary sector continues to decline in this period as the country industrialises.

 

Post-industrial Stage - In this stage the tertiary sector become most important. Secondary sector tends to die away. As more people start to live in towns, there is a growing demand for various services - from health and education to transport and finance. Quaternary jobs begin to form too as the country becomes wealthier.

What impact can Global Media have on identity?

 

It making countries follow the dominent countries styles and interests, such as america and England, fashion, music and film are the a few of the biggest worlwide trends.

 

How do emplyment sectors change and develop with globalisation?

 

Countries such as the UK and USA have more jobs in diffrent sectors whereas mostly LEDC's have more jobs but in the same sectors, mostly Primary and Secondary.

 

How does the development of emplymen sectors impact on personal identity?

 

LEDC's have restrained identities because their only so many job sectors they can go into whereas MEDC's have many job oppurtunties.

 

What Impact does globalisation have on the structure of jobs in MEDC and LEDCs?

 

In MEDCs there are Primary, sceondary, teriary and quaternary jobs whereas in LEDCs there a re much limit usually Primary and Secondary and for a much lower wage and quilaity of work place.

 

My family employment history

 

Mother - Shop assistant

Father - U.S Army

Brother - Plastering

Grandmother - Nurse

Grandfather - Manual Labour

 

My family have worked in varied jobs but mostly secondary and tertiary, I think if I went further back I would see more Primary and Secondary.

 

USA - MEDC (Service employment)

 

Brazil - NIC (Factory employment)


 

Nepal - LEDC (farming employment)

 

 

A= USA

B= NEPAL

C=BAZIL

• Why do MEDC's have more tertiary employment?

More economically developed countries have more tertiay employment because there are more service jobs

• Why do LEDC's have more primary employment?

 

 

 

 



How film distrubution has changed

Towards the end of 2005, the UK distribution and exhibition sectors were starting to move towards digital distribution and exhibition. For exhibitors, digital projection, especially when married to the increasing use digital formats in production, can now replicate - if not surpass - the image quality of conventional 35mm cinema presentation. And, of course, digital sound systems have been used in cinemas for some time.

 

In distribution terms, the advantages of digital technology are even clearer, though perhaps longer term. Digital technology is seen to offer a more cost effective and logistics-light alternative to the tried and trusted, but unwieldy model of 35mm print distribution described above. It will, eventually, be cheaper and much less stressful to send films as computer files to cinemas across the UK, than to transport 20-25kg tins of film in the back of a van.

 

Digital distribution and exhibition on a large scale has started to appear in certain parts of the world, notably China and Brazil, where conventional logistics cannot, for one reason or another, efficiently bring together supply and demand. In the UK, digital technology has been embraced by the non-theatrical sector, in film societies and schools, where the use of DVD and mid-range digital projection has replaced 16mm.

 

http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/distribution/distribution7.html

 

For most of the 80s and 90s, NBC dominated US television: Miami Vice, The Cosby Show, Cheers, Seinfeld, Friends. The network earned its ratings by pushing boundaries – Miami Vice stylised the police drama, while Hill Street Blues gave it gritty realism. These shows also brought in big money – NBC was once one of the most profitable divisions of General Electric. But when the parent company

NBC isn't the only major media business that has fallen on hard times. EMI, home of the Beatles and Pink Floyd, has trimmed its roster and cut thousands of jobs. The Washington Post, which set a high-water mark for US journalism with its Watergate reporting, has reduced its newsroom staff, closed its national bureaux, and declared: "We are not a national news organisation of record." MGM, with its roaring lion logo, was recently acquired for less than half its 2005 value.

 

All of these companies faced the same problem: they weren't collecting enough of the revenue being generated by their work. The public hasn't lost its appetite for television, journalism or film; shows, articles and movies reach more consumers than ever online. The problem is that, although the internet

 has expanded the audience for media, it has all but destroyed the market for it.

 

Over the past decade, much of the value created by music, films, and newspapers has benefited other companies – pirates and respected technology firms alike. The Pirate Bay website made money by illegally offering major-label albums, even as music sales declined to less than half of what they were 10 years ago. YouTube used clips from shows such as NBC's Saturday Night Live to build a business that Google bought for $1.65bn. And the Huffington Post became one of the most popular news sites online largely by rewriting newspaper articles. This isn't the inevitable result of technology. Traditionally, the companies that invested in music and film also controlled their distribution – EMI, for example, owned recording studios, pressing plants, and the infrastructure that delivered CDs to stores. Piracy was always a nuisance, but never a serious threat. The same was true of other media businesses: the easiest place to get a newspaper story was from a newspaper.

 

http://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/aug/14/robert-levine-digital-free-ride

 

 

 

How film distubution has changed - 2000's, 2010's

Now you see me

 

2013

Budget

$75,000,000 (estimated)

Opening Weekend

$29,254,674 (USA) (2 June 2013) (2,925 Screens)

 

 

 

Online Media

Institution And Audiences from Thomas Griffiths

Web 2.0

The Role Of Global Instituations

 

 

The World Trade Organization (WTO) deals with the rules of trade between countries. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as freely as possible. They are often called in to deal with disputes between countries that have previously made trade agreements. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business without exploitation.

International monetary fund (IMF) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organisation of 188 countries, working to raise global monetary (money) cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. It does this through keeping track of the global economy and the member countries, lending to countries with payment difficulties and giving practical help to members.

Transnational corporations (TNC) A company with its headquarters in one country owns factories in one or more other countries and sells its products globally. The main priorities of a TNC are profit driven. They are always looking for the highest profit margins. This often means their factories are in LEDC’s to make the most of low wages and often have headquarters in MEDC’s.

World Bank The World Bank is a financial institution which provides loans to developing countries for capital programs (money making). Its official goal is the reduction of poverty, with all its decisions being guided through a commitment to the promotion of foreign investment and international trade, as well as the facilitation of capital investment.

United Nations Through UN efforts, governments have concluded many multilateral agreements that make the world a safer, healthier place with greater opportunity and justice for all of us. This comprehensive body of international law, including human rights law, is one of the UN's great achievements. It has close links with UNESCO, WHO, UNICEF, FAO.

 

1. How is the world more interconnected? The world is more inteconnected by he use of internet, travel and trade.
2. What has created a 'global village'? the comunications and how much they have strengthened over the years and also search enginges such as google.
3. What has happened to transport to help globalisation? It has developed more and become moe interconnected.
4. How does it help countries? It links them.
5. Who benefits the most from TNC's? MEDC

FAO -